Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics www.atmos-chem-phys.net 1680-7316 1680-7324 8 1 2008 10.5194/acp-8-35-2008 http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/8/35/2008/ http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/8/35/2008/acp-8-35-2008.html http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/8/35/2008/acp-8-35-2008.pdf 35 62 2008-01-08 Validation of the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE) version 2.2 temperature using ground-based and space-borne measurements R. J. Sica sica@uwo.ca M. R. M. Izawa K. A. Walker C. Boone S. V. Petelina P. S. Argall P. Bernath G. B. Burns V. Catoire R. L. Collins W. H. Daffer C. De Clercq Z. Y. Fan B. J. Firanski W. J. R. French P. Gerard M. Gerding J. Granville J. L. Innis P. Keckhut T. Kerzenmacher A. R. Klekociuk E. Kyrö J. C. Lambert E. J. Llewellyn G. L. Manney I. S. McDermid K. Mizutani Y. Murayama C. Piccolo P. Raspollini M. Ridolfi C. Robert W. Steinbrecht K. B. Strawbridge K. Strong R. Stübi B. Thurairajah Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada Department of Earth Sciences, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada Institute of Space and Atmospheric Studies, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada Department of Physics, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia Department of Chemistry, University of York, UK Ice, Ocean, Atmosphere and Climate Program, Australian Antarctic Division, Kingston, Tasmania, Australia Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement, CNRS - Universite d'Orleans, France Geophysical Institute and Atmospheric Sciences Program, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Alaska Columbus Technologies Inc., Pasadena, California, USA Institut d'Aeronomie Spatiale de Belgique (IASB-BIRA), Brussels, Belgium Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada, CARE, Egbert, Ontario, Canada Leibniz-Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Kühlungsborn, Germany Service d'Aéronomie, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace-UVSQ, Verrires-le-Buisson, France Finnish Meteorological Institute – Arctic Research Centre, Sodankylä, Finland Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, New Mexico, USA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Table Mountain Facility, Wrightwood, California, USA National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Tokyo, Japan Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, Oxford, UK Istituto di Fisica Applicata "Nello Carrara" (IFAC) del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy Dip. di Chimica Fisica e Inorganica, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy Deutsche Wetterdienst (DWD), Hohenpeissenberg Observatory, Germany Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology, MeteoSwiss Aerological Station, Payerne, Switzerland An ensemble of space-borne and ground-based instruments has been used to evaluate the quality of the version 2.2 temperature retrievals from the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE-FTS). The agreement of ACE-FTS temperatures with other sensors is typically better than 2 K in the stratosphere and upper troposphere and 5 K in the lower mesosphere. There is evidence of a systematic high bias (roughly 3–6 K) in the ACE-FTS temperatures in the mesosphere, and a possible systematic low bias (roughly 2 K) in ACE-FTS temperatures near 23 km. Some ACE-FTS temperature profiles exhibit unphysical oscillations, a problem fixed in preliminary comparisons with temperatures derived using the next version of the ACE-FTS retrieval software. Though these relatively large oscillations in temperature can be on the order of 10 K in the mesosphere, retrieved volume mixing ratio profiles typically vary by less than a percent or so. Statistical comparisons suggest these oscillations occur in about 10% of the retrieved profiles. Analysis from a set of coincident lidar measurements suggests that the random error in ACE-FTS version 2.2 temperatures has a lower limit of about ±2 K. Alpers, M., Eixmann, R., Fricke-Begemann, C., Gerding, M., and Höffner, J.: Temperature lidar measurements from 1 to 105 km altitude using resonance, Rayleigh, and Rotational Raman scattering, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 793–800, 2004. Antikainen, V., Paukkunen, A., and Jauhiainen, H.: Measurement accuracy and repeatability of Vaisala RS90 Radiosonde, Tech. rep., Vaisala Inc., 2002. Argall, P., Sica, R., Bryant, C., Algara-Siller, M., and Schijns, H.: Calibration of the Purple Crow Lidar Vibrational Raman water vapour mixing ratio and temperature measurements, Can. J. Phys., 85, 119–129, \doi10.1139/P06-091, 2007. Barath, F T., Chavez, M C., Cofield, R E., Flower, D A., Frerking, M A., Gram, M B., Harris, W M., Holden, J R., Jarnot, R F., Kloezeman, W G., Klose, G J., Lau, G K., Loo, M S., Maddison, B J., Mattauch, R J., McKinney, R., Peckham, G E., Pickett, H M., Siebes, G., Solits, F S., Suttie, R A., Tarsala, J A., Waters, J W., and Wilson, W J.: The Upper-Atmosphere Research Satellite Microwave Limb Sounder instrument, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 10 751–17 062, 1993. Baron, P., Merino, F., and Murtagh, D.: Simultaneous retrievals of temperature and volume mixing ratio constituents from nonoxygen Odin submillimeter radiometer bands, Appl. Optics, 40, 6102–6110, 2001. Bernath, P F., McElroy, C T., Abrams, M C., Boone, C D., Butler, M., Camy-Peyret, C., Carleer, M., Clerbaux, C., Coheur, P F., Colin, R., DeCola, P., Maziere, M D., Drummond, J R., Dufour, D., Evans, W. F J., Fast, H., Fussen, D., Gilbert, K., Jennings, D E., Llewellyn, E J., Lowe, R P., Mahieu, E., McConnell, J C., McHugh, M., McLeod, S D., Michaud, R., Midwinter, C., Nassar, R., Nichitiu, F., Nowlan, C., Rinsland, C P., Rochon, Y J., Rowlands, N., Semeniuk, K., Simon, P., Skelton, R., Sloan, J J., Soucy, M.-A., Strong, K., Tremblay, P., Turnbull, D., Walker, K A., Walkty, I., Wardle, D A., Wehrle, V., Zander, R., and Zou, J.: Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE): Mission overview, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L15S01, doi:10.1029/2005GL022386, 2005. Boone, C D., Nassar, R., Walker, K A., Rochon, Y., McLeod, S D., Rinsland, C P., and Bernath, P F.: Retrievals for the atmospheric chemistry experiment Fourier-transform spectrometer, Appl. Optics, 44, 7218–7231, 2005. Burns, G B., French, W. J R., Greet, P A., Phillips, F A., Williams, P. F B., Finlayson, K., and Klich, G.: Seasonal variations and inter-year trends in 7 years of hydroxyl airglow rotational temperatures at Davis station (69\degree S, 78\degree E), Antarctica, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 64, 1167–1174, 2002. Carlotti, M.: Global-fit approach to the analysis of limb-scanning atmospheric measurements, Appl. Optics, 27, 3250–3254, 1988. Carswell, A I., Donovan, D P., Bird, J C., Duck, T J., Pal, S R., and Whiteway, J A.: Measurements at the Eureka Arctic NDSC station with a Raman DIAL system, in: Advances in Atmospheric Remote Sensing with Lidar, pp. 521–524, International Committee on Laser Atmospheric Studies, 1996. Chanin, M L. and Hauchecorne, A.: Lidar studies of temperature and density using Rayleigh scattering, in: Handbook for MAP: Ground-Based Techniques, vol 13, chap 7, Scientific Commitee on Solar Terrestrial Physics, International Council of Scientific Unions, Urbana, Illinois, 1984. Collins, R L., Kelley, M C., Nicolls, M J., Ramos, C., Hou, T., Stern, T E., Mizutani, K., and Itabe, T.: Simultaneous lidar observations of a noctilucent cloud and an internal wave in the polar mesosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 8435, doi:10.1029/2002JD002427, 2003. Croskey, C L., Kampfer, N., Belivaqua, R M., Hartmann, G K., Kunzi, K F., Schwartz, P R., Olivero, J J., Puliafito, S E., Aellig, C., Umlauft, G., Waltman, W B., and Degenhardt, W.: The Millimeter-Wave Atmospheric Sounder (MAS) - a Shuttle-based remote-sensing experiment, IEEE Microwave Theory Tech., 40, 1090–1100, 1992. Cutler, L J., Collins, R L., Mizutani, K., and Itabe, T.: Rayleigh lidar observations of mesospheric inversion layers at poker flat, Alaska (65\degree N, 147\degree W), Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 1467–1470, 2001. da~Silveira, R B., Fisch, G., Machado, L., Dall'Antonia, A., Ferando~Sapucci, L., Fernandes, D., Marques, R., and Nash, J.: Executive Summary of the WMO Intercomparison of GPS Radiosondes (Brazil, 20 May to 10 June 2001), Instrument and Observing Methods Report No. 76 TD No. 1153, World Meteorological Organization, 2003. Drummond, J R., Houghton, J T., Peskett, G D., Rodgers, C D., Wale, M J., Whitney, J., and Williamson, E J.: The stratospheric and mesospheric sounder on NIMBUS-7, Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. London, 296, 219–241, 1980. Dudhia, A. and Livesey, N.: Validation of temperature measurements from the improved stratospheric and mesospheric sounder, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 9795–9809, 1996. Dudhia, A., Jay, V L., and Rodgers, C D.: Microwindow selection for high-spectral-resolution sounders, Appl. Optics, 41, 3665–3673, 2002. Fischer, H., Birk, M., Blom, C., Carli, B., Carlotti, M., von Clarmann, T., Delbouille, L., Dudhia, A., Ehhalt, D., Endemann, M., Flaud, J M., Gessner, R., Kleinert, A., Koopmann, R., Langen, J., López-Puertas, M., Mosner, P., Nett, H., Oelhaf, H., Perron, G., Remedios, J., Ridolfi, M., Stiller, G., and Zander, R.: MIPAS: an instrument for atmospheric and climate research, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 7, 8795–8893, 2007. Francis, G L., Edwards, D P., Lambert, A., Halvorson, C M., Lee-Taylor, J M., and Gille, J C.: Forward modeling and radiative transfer for the NASA EOS-Aura High Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder (HIRDLS) instrument, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D13301, doi:10.1029/2005JD006270, 2006. French, W. J R., Burns, G B., Finlayson, K., Greet, P A., Lowe, R P., and Williams, P. F B.: Hydroxyl (6-2) airglow emission intensity ratios for rotational temperature determination, Ann. Geophys., 18, 1293–1303, 2000. Froidevaux, L., Livesey, N J., Read, W G., , Jiang, Y. B B., Jimenez, C., Filipiak, M J., Schwartz, M J., Santee, M L., Pumphrey, H C., Jiang, J H., Wu, D L., Manney, G L., Drouin, B J., Waters, J W., Fetzer, E J., Bernath, P F., Boone, C D., Walker, K A., Jucks, K W., Toon, G C., Margitan, J J., Sen, B., Webster, C R., Christensen, L E., Elkins, J W., Atlas, E., Lueb, R A., and Hendershot, R.: Early validation analyses of atmospheric profiles from EOS MLS on the Aura satellite, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, 44, 1106–1121, 2006. Gauthier, P C., Charette, C., Fillion, L., Koclas, P., and Laroche, S.: Implementation of a 3D variational data assimilation system at the Canadian Meteorological Centre. Part I: The global analysis, Atmos. Ocean, 37, 103–156, 1999. Gerding, M., Höffner, J., Rauthe, M., Singer, W., Zecha, M., and Lübken, F.-J.: Simultaneous observation of NLC, MSE and temperature at a mid-latitude station (54\degree N), J. Geophys. Res., 112, D12111, \doi10.1029/2006JD008135, 2007a. Gerding, M., Höffner, J., and Rauthe, M.: Simultaneous observations of temperatures and ice-particles in the mid-latitude mesopause region, Adv. Space Res., 40, 785–793, 2007b. Gettelman, A., Weinstock, E M., Fetzer, E J., Irion, F W., Eldering, A., Richard, E C., Rosenlof, K H., Thompson, T L., Pittman, J V., Webster, C R., and Herman, R L.: Validation of Aqua satellite data in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere with in situ aircraft instruments, Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, L22107, \doi10.1029/2004GL020730, 2004. % %Gille, J., Barnett, J., Arter, P., Barker, M., Bernath, P., Boone, C., % Cavanaugh, C., Chow, J., Coffey, M., Craft, J., Craig, C., Dials, M., Dean, % V., Eden, T., Edwards, D P., Francis, G., Halvorson, C., Harvey, L., % Hepplewhite, C., Kinnison, D., Khosravi, R., Krinsky, C., Lambert, A., Lyjak, % L., Lee, H., Loh, J., Mankin, W., McInerney, J., Moorhous, J., Massie, S., % Nardi, B., Packman, D., Randall, C., Reburn, J., Rudolf, W., Schwartz, M., % Serafin, J., Stone, K., Torpy, B., Walker, K., Waterfall, A., Watkins, R., % Whitney, J., Woodard, D., and Young, G.: The High Resolution Dynamics % Limb Sounder (HIRDLS): Experiment Overview, Results and Validation of % Initial Temperature Data, J. Geophys. Res., submitted\blackbox\bf status?, 2007. Gille, J C., Bailey, P L., Craig, R A., House, F B., and Anderson, G P.: Sounding the stratosphere and mesosphere by infrared limb scanning from space, Science, 208, 397–399, 1980a. Gille, J C., Bailey, P L., and Russell, J M.: Temperature and composition measurements from the LRIR and LIMS experiments on NIMBUS-6 and NIMBUS-7, Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. London, 296, 205–218, 1980b. Gille, J C., Russell, J M., Bailey, P L., Gordley, L L., Remsberg, E E., Liensch, J H., Planet, W G., House, F B., Lyjak, L V., and Beck, S A.: Validation of temperature retrievals obtained by the Limb Infrared Monitor of the Stratosphere (LIMS) experiment on NIMBUS-7, J. Geophys. Res., 89, 5147–5160, 1984. Gille, J C., Bailey, P L., Massie, S T., Lyjak, L V., Edwards, D P., Roche, A E., Kumer, J B., Mergenthaler, J L., Gross, M R., Hauchecorne, A., Keckhut, P., McGee, T J., McDermid, I S., Miller, A J., and Singh, U.: Accuracy and precision of cryogenic limb array etalon spectrometer (CLAES) temperature retrievals, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 9583–9601, 1996. Greet, P A., French, W. J R., Burns, G B., Williams, P. F B., Lowe, R P., and Finlayson, K.: OH(6-2) spectra and rotational temperature measurements at Davis, Antarctica, Ann. Geophys., 16, 77–89, 1998. Gunson, M R., Abbas, M M., Abrams, M C., Allen, M., Brown, L R., Brown, T L., Chang, A Y., Goldman, A., Irion, F W., Lowes, L L., Mahieu, E., Manney, G L., Michelsen, H A., Newchurch, M J., Rinsland, C P., Salawitch, R J., Stiller, G P., Toon, G C., Yung, Y L., and Zander, R.: The Atmospheric Trace Molecule Spectroscopy (ATMOS) experiment: Deployment on the ATLAS Space Shuttle missions, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 2333–2336, 1996. Haley, C S. and McDade, I C.: Procedures for recovering mesospheric and stratospheric temperatures from OSIRIS scattered-sunlight measurements, Can. J. Phys., 80, 435–442, 2002. Hauchecorne, A. and Chanin, M.-L.: Density and temperature profiles obtained by Lidar between 35 and 70 km, J. Geophys. Res., 7, 565–568, 1980. Hays, P B., Abreu, V J., Dobbs, M E., Gell, D A., Grassl, H J., and Skinner, W R.: The high-resolution Doppler imager on the Upper-Atmosphere Research Satellite, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 10 713–10 723, 1993. Hedin, A E.: Extension of the MSIS thermosphere model into the middle and lower atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 1159–1172, 1991. Irion, F W., Gunson, M R., Toon, G C., Chang, A Y., Eldering, A., Mahieu, E., Manney, G L., Michelsen, H A., Moyer, E J., Newchurch, M J., Osterman, G B., Rinsland, C P., Salawitch, R J., Sen, B., Yung, Y L., and Zander, R.: Atmospheric Trace Molecule Spectroscopy (ATMOS) experiment version 3 data retrievals, Appl. Optics, 41, 6968–6979, 2002. Ivanov, A., Kats, A., Kurnosenko, S., Nash, N., and Zaitseva, N.: International Radiosonde Intercomparison Phase III (Dzhambul, USSR 1989) final report, Tech. Rep. WMO/TD-No. 451, Instruments and Observing Methods Report~40, World Meteorological Organization, 1991. Keckhut, P., Gelman, M E., Wild, J D., Tissot, F., Miller, A J., Hauchecorne, A., Chanin, M L., Fishbein, E F., Gille, J., Russell, J M., and Taylor, F W.: Semidiurnal and diurnal temperature tides (30–55 km): Climatology and effect on UARS-LIDAR data comparisons, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 10 299–10 310, 1996. Keckhut, P., McDermid, S., Swart, D., McGee, T., Godin-Beekmann, S., Adriani, A., Barnes, J., Baray, J L., Bencherif, H., Claude, H., di~Sarra, A G., Fiocco, G., Hansen, G., Hauchecorne, A., Leblanc, T., Lee, C H., Pal, S., Megie, G., Nakane, H., Neuber, R., Steinbrecht, W., and Thayer, J.: Review of ozone and temperature lidar validations performed within the framework of the Network for the Detection of Stratospheric Change, J. Environ. Monit., 6, 721–733, 2004. Kerzenmacher, T E., Walker, K A., Strong, K., Berman, R., Bernath, P., Boone, C., Drummond, J., Fast, H., Fraser, A., MacQuarrie, K., Midwinter, C., Sung, K., McElroy, T., Mittermeier, R., Walker, J., and Wu, H.: Measurements of O₃, NO₂ and temperature during the 2004 Canadian Arctic ACE Validation Campaign, Geophys. Res. L, 32, L16S07, \doi10.1029/2005GL023032, 2005. Klekociuk, A R., Lambert, M M., Vincent, R A., and Dowdy, A J.: First year of Rayleigh lidar measurements of middle atmosphere temperatures above Davis, Antarctica, Adv. Space Res., 32, 771–776, 2003. Kutepov, A A., Feofilov, A G., Marshall, B T., Gordley, L L., Pesnell, W D., Goldberg, R A., and Russell, J M.: SABER temperature observations in the summer polar mesosphere and lower thermosphere: Importance of accounting for the CO2 nu(2) quanta V-V exchange, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L21809, doi:10.1029/2006GL026591, 2006. Langhoff, S R., Werner, H J., and Rosmus, P.: Theoretical transition-probabilities for the OH meinel system, J. Mol. Spec., 118, 507–529, 1986. Laroche, S., Gauthier, P., St-James, J., and Morneau, J.: Implementation of a 3D variational data assimilation system at the Canadian Meteorological Centre. Part II: The regional analysis, Atmos. Ocean, 37, 281–307, 1999. Leblanc, T., McDermid, I S., Hauchecorne, A., and Keckhut, P.: Evaluation of optimization of lidar temperature analysis algorithms using simulated data, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 6177–6187, 1998. Livesey, N J., Read, W G., Froidevaux, L., Waters, J W., Santee, M L., Pumphrey, H C., Wu, D L., Shippony, Z., and Jarnot, R F.: The UARS Microwave Limb Sounder version 5 data set: Theory, characterization, and validation, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4378, doi:10.1029/2002JD002273, 2003. Lübken, F.-J.: Thermal structure of the Arctic summer mesosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 9135–9149, 1999. Manney, G., Daffer, W., Zawodny, J., Bernath, P., Hoppel, K., Walker, K., Knosp, B., Boone, C., Remsberg, E., Santee, M., Harvey, V L., Pawson, S., Jackson, D., Deaver, L., Pumphrey, H., Lambert, A., Schwartz, M., Froidevaux, L., McLeod, S., Takacs, L., Suarez, M., Trepte, C., Livesey, N., Harwood, R., and Waters, J.: Solar Occultation Satellite Data and Derived Meteorological Products: Sampling Issues and Comparisons with Aura MLS, J. Geophys. Res., in press, 2007. Manney, G L., Daffer, W H., Strawbridge, K B., Walker, K A., Boone, C D., Bernath, P F., Kerzenmacher, T., Schwartz, M J., Strong, K., Sica, R J., Kreuger, K., Pumphrey, H C., Froidevaux, L., Lambert, A., Santee, M L., Livesey, N J., Remsberg, E E., Mlynczak, M G., and Russell, III, J R.: The High Arctic in Extreme Winters: Vortex, Temperature, and MLS Trace Gas Evolution, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 7, 10 235–10 285, 2007. McCormick, M P., Hamill, P., Pepin, T J., Chu, W P., Swissler, T J., and McMaster, L R.: Satellite studies of the stratospheric aerosol, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 60, 1083–1046, 1979. McElroy, C T., Nowlan, C R., Drummond, J R., Bernath, P F., Barton, D V., Dufour, D G., Midwinter, C., Hall, R B., Ogyu, A., Ullberg, A., Wardle, D I., Kar, J., Zou, J., Nichitiu, F., Boone, C D., Walker, K A., and Rowlands, N.: The ACE-MAESTRO instrument on SCISAT: description, performance, and preliminary results, Appl. Optics, 46, 4341–4356, 2007. McHugh, M., Magill, B., Walker, K., Boone, C., Bernath, P., and J. Russell~III: Comparison of atmospheric retrievals from ACE and HALOE, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L15S10, doi:10.1029/2005GL022403, 2005. Measures, R M.: Laser remote sensing : fundamentals and applications, Wiley-Interscience, 1984. Mertens, C J., Mlynczak, M G., Lopez-Puertas, M., Wintersteiner, P P., Picard, R H., Winick, J R., Gordley, L L., and Russell, J M.: Retrieval of mesospheric and lower thermospheric kinetic temperature from measurements of CO₂ 15 \unit\mu m Earth limb emission under non-LTE conditions, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 1391–1394, 2001. Mertens, C J., Schmidlin, F J., Goldberg, R A., Remsberg, E E., Pesnell, W D., Russell, J M., Mlynczak, M G., Lopez-Puertas, M., Wintersteiner, P P., Picard, R H., Winick, J R., and Gordley, L L.: SABER observations of mesospheric temperatures and comparisons with falling sphere measurements taken during the 2002 summer MaCWAVE campaign, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L03105, doi:10.1029/2003GL018605, 2004. Mizutani, K., Itabe, T., Yasui, M., Aoki, T., Murayama, Y., and Collins, R L.: Rayleigh and Rayleigh Doppler lidars for the observations of the Arctic middle atmosphere, IEICE Trans. Communications, E83B, 2004–2009, 2000. Moreau, G., Robert, C., Catoire, V., Chartier, M., Camy-Peyret, C., Huret, N., Pirre, M., Pomathiod, L., and Chalumeau, G.: SPIRALE: a multispecies in situ balloonborne instrument with six tunable diode laser spectrometers, Appl. Optics, 44, 5972–5989, 2005. Murtagh, D., Frisk, U., Merino, F., Ridal, M., Jonsson, A., Stegman, J., Witt, G., Eriksson, P., Jimenez, C., Megie, G., de~la~Noe, J., Ricaud, P., Baron, P., Pardo, J R., Hauchcorne, A., Llewellyn, E J., Degenstein, D A., Gattinger, R L., Lloyd, N D., Evans, W. F J., McDade, I C., Haley, C S., Sioris, C., von~Savigny, C., Solheim, B H., McConnell, J C., Strong, K., Richardson, E H., Leppelmeier, G W., Kyrola, E., Auvinen, H., and Oikarinen, L.: An overview of the Odin atmospheric mission, Can. J. Phys., 80, 309–319, 2002. Nadakuditi, S.: Spectral estimation of wave-driven fluctuations in Rayleigh lidar temperature measurements, Master's thesis, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, 2005. Nakajima, H., Sugita, T., Yokota, T., Ishigaki, T., Mogi, Y., Araki, N., Waragai, K., Kimura, N., Iwazawa, T., Kuze, A., Tanii, J., Kawasaki, H., Horikawa, M., Togami, T., Uemura, N., Kobayashi, H., and Sasano, Y.: Characteristics and performance of the Improved Limb Atmospheric Spectrometer-II (ILAS-II) on board the ADEOS-II satellite, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D11S01, doi:10.1029/2005JD006334, 2006. Nash, J. and Schmidlin, F J.: International Radiosonde Intercomparison (U.K., 1984, USA, 1985) final report, Tech. Rep. WMO/TD-No. 195, Instruments and Observing Methods Report~30, World Meteorological Organization, 1987. Nash, J., Smout, R., Oakley, T., and Pathack, B.: WMO intercomparison of radiosonde systems (Vacoas, Mauritius, 2-25 February 2005), Instrument and Observing Methods Report No. 83 TD No. 1303, World Meteorological Organization, 2006. Nowlan, C R., McElroy, C T., and Drummond, J R.: Measurements of the O₂ $A$- and $B$-bands for determining temperature and pressure profiles from ACE–MAESTRO: Forward model and retrieval algorithm, J. Quan. Spec. & Rad. Trans., 108, 371–388, 2007. Offermann, D., Grossmann, K U., Barthol, P., Knieling, P., Riese, M., and Trant, R.: Cryogenic Infrared Spectrometers and Telescopes for the Atmosphere (CRISTA) experiment and middle atmosphere variability, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 15 311–16 325, 1999. Ortland, D A., Hays, P B., Skinner, W R., and Yee, J H.: Remote sensing of mesospheric temperature and O₂($^1§igma$) band volume emission rates with the high-resolution Doppler imager, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 1821–1835, 1998. Petelina, S V., Degenstein, D A., Llewellyn, E J., Lloyd, N D., Mertens, C J., Mlynczak, M G., and Russell, J M.: Thermal conditions for PMC existence derived from Odin/OSIRIS and TIMED/SABER data, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L17813, doi:10.1029/2005GL023099, 2005. Raspollini, P., Belotti, C., Burgess, A., Carli, B., Carlotti, M., Ceccherini, S., Dinelli, B M., Dudhia, A., Flaud, J M., Funke, B., Hopfner, M., Lopez-Puertas, M., Payne, V., Piccolo, C., Remedios, J J., Ridolfi, M., and Spang, R.: MIPAS level 2 operational analysis, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 5605–5630, 2006. Rauthe, M., Gerding, M., Höffner, J., and Lübken, F J.: Lidar temperature measurements of gravity waves over Kühlungsborn (54\degree N) from 1 to 105 km: A winter-summer comparison, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D24108, doi:10.1029/2006JD007354, 2006. Remsberg, E., Lingenfelser, G., Harvey, V L., Grose, W., Russell, J., Mlynczak, M., Gordley, L., and Marshall, B T.: On the verification of the quality of SABER temperature, geopotential height, and wind fields by comparison with Met Office assimilated analyses, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4628, doi:10.1029/2003JD003720, 2003. Ridal, M., Murtagh, D P., Merino, F., Pardo, J R., and Pagani, L.: Microwave temperature and pressure measurements with the Odin satellite: II. Retrieval method, Can. J. Phys., 80, 455–467, 2002. Ridolfi, M., Carli, B., Carlotti, M., von Clarmann, T., Dinelli, B M., Dudhia, A., Flaud, J M., Hopfner, M., Morris, P E., Raspollini, P., Stiller, G., and Wells, R J.: Optimized forward model and retrieval scheme for MIPAS near-real-time data processing, Appl. Optics, 39, 1323–1340, 2000. Ridolfi, M., Blum, U., Carli, B., Catoire, V., Ceccherini, S., Claude, H., Clercq, C D., Fricke, K H., Friedl-Vallon, F., Iarlori, M., Keckhut, P., Kerridge, B., Lambert, J.-C., Meijer, Y J., Mona, L., Oelhaf, H., Pappalardo, G., Pirre, M., Rizi, V., Robert, C., Swart, D., von Clarmann, T., Waterfall, A., and Wetzel, G.: Geophysical validation of temperature retrieved by the ESA processor from MIPAS/ENVISAT atmospheric limb-emission measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 4459–4487, 2007. Riese, M., Spang, R., Preusse, P., Ern, M., Jarisch, M., Offermann, D., and Grossmann, K U.: Cryogenic Infrared Spectrometers and Telescopes for the Atmosphere (CRISTA) data processing and atmospheric temperature and trace gas retrieval, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 16 349–16 367, 1999. Rodgers, C D., Jones, R L., and Barnett, J J.: Retrieval of temperature and composition from NIMBUS-7 SAMS measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 89, 5280–5286, 1984. Rothman, L S., Jacquemart, D., Barbe, A., Benner, D C., Birk, M., Brown, L R., Carleer, M R., Chackerian, C., Chance, K., Coudert, L H., Dana, V., Devi, V M., Flaud, J M., Gamache, R R., Goldman, A., Hartmann, J M., Jucks, K W., Maki, A G., Mandin, J Y., Massie, S T., Orphal, J., Perrin, A., Rinsland, C P., Smith, M. A H., Tennyson, J., Tolchenov, R N., Toth, R A., Auwera, J V., Varanasi, P., and Wagner, G.: The HITRAN 2004 molecular spectroscopic database, J. Quan. Spec. Rad. Trans., 96, 139–204, 2005. Russell, J M., Gordley, L L., Parks, J H., Drayson, S R., Hesketh, W D., Cicerone, R J., Tuck, A F., Frederick, J E., Harries, J E., and Crutzen, P J.: The halogen occultation experiment, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 10 777–10 797, 1993. Russell, J M., Mlynczak, M G., Gordley, L L., Tansock, J J., and Esplin, R W.: An overview of the SABER experiment and preliminary calibration resuts, Proceedings of SPIE, 44th Annual Meeting, 3756, 277–288, 1999. Salby, M.: Fundamentals of Atmospheric Physics, Academic Press, New York, 1996. Schwartz, M J., Lambert, A., Manney, G L., Read, W G., Livesey, N J., Froidevaux, L., Ao, C O., Bernath, P F., Boone, C D., Cofield, R E., Daffer, W H., Drouin, B J., Fetzer, E J., Fuller, R A., Jarnot, R F., Jiang, J H., Jiang, Y B., Knosp, B W., Krüger, K., Li, J.-L F., Mlynczak, M G., Pawson, S., Russell~III, J M., Santee, M L., Snyder, W V., Stek, P C., Thurstans, R P., Tompkins, A M., Wagner, P A., Walker, K A., Waters, J W., and Wu, D L.: Validation of the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder Temperature and Geopotential Height Measurements, J. Geophys. Res., accepted, 2007. Sica, R J., Sargoytchev, S., Argall, P S., Borra, E F., Girard, L., Sparrow, C T., and Flatt, S.: Lidar measurements taken with a large-aperture liquid mirror. 1. Rayleigh-scatter system, Appl. Optics, 34, 6925–6936, 1995. Sica, R J., Zylawy, Z A., and Argall, P S.: Ozone corrections for Rayleigh-scatter temperature determinations in the middle atmosphere, J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., 18, 1223–1228, 2001. Sica, R J., Thayaparan, T., Argall, P S., Russell, A T., and Hocking, W K.: Modulation of upper mesospheric temperature inversions due to tidal-gravity wave interactions, J. Geophys. Res., 64, 915–922, 2002. Stiller, G P., Gunson, M R., Lowes, L L., Abrams, M C., Raper, O F., Farmer, C B., Zander, R., and Rinsland, C P.: Stratospheric and mesospheric pressure-temperature profiles from rotational analysis of CO₂ lines in atmospheric trace molecule spectroscopy ATLAS-1 infrared solar occultation spectra, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 3107–3117, 1995. Sugita, T., Yokota, T., Nakajima, H., Kobayashi, H., Saitoh, N., Kawasaki, H., Usami, M., Saeki, H., Horikawa, M., and Sasano, Y.: A comparative study of stratospheric temperatures between ILAS-II and other data, Proceedings of SPIE, Passive Optical Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere and Clouds IV, 5652, 279–289, 2004. Taylor, F W., Rodgers, C D., Whitney, J G., Werrett, S T., Barnett, J J., Peskett, G D., Venters, P., Ballard, J., Palmer, C. W P., Knight, R J., Morris, P., Nightingale, T., and Dudhia, A.: Remote-sensing of atmospheric structure and composition by pressure modulator radiometry from space - the ISAMS experiment on UARS, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 10 799–10 814, 1993. von Clarmann, T.: Validation of remotely sensed profiles of atmospheric state variables: strategies and terminology, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 4311–4320, 2006. von Engeln, A., Langen, J., Wehr, T., Buhler, S., and Kunzi, K.: Retrieval of upper stratospheric and mesospheric temperature profiles from Millimeter-Wave Atmospheric Sounder data, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 31 735–31 748, 1998. von Zahn, U. and Höffner, J.: Mesopause temperature profiling by potassium lidar, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 141–144, 1996. Wang, W.: Spectral estimation of signal and noise power in Rayleigh lidar measurements of the middle atmosphere, Master's thesis, University of Alaska, 2003. Waters, J W., Froidevaux, L., Harwood, R S., Jarnot, R F., Pickett, H M., Read, W G., Siegel, P H., Cofield, R E., Filipiak, M J., Flower, D A., Holden, J R., Lau, G K., Livesey, N J., Manney, G L., Pumphrey, H C., Santee, M L., Wu, D L., Cuddy, D T., Lay, R R., Loo, M S., Perun, V S., Schwartz, M J., Stek, P C., Thurstans, R P., Boyles, M A., Chandra, K M., Chavez, M C., Chen, G S., Chudasama, B V., Dodge, R., Fuller, R A., Girard, M A., Jiang, J H., Jiang, Y B., Knosp, B W., LaBelle, R C., Lam, J C., Lee, K A., Miller, D., Oswald, J E., Patel, N C., Pukala, D M., Quintero, O., Scaff, D M., Snyder, W V., Tope, M C., Wagner, P A., and Walch, M J.: The Earth Observing System Microwave Limb Sounder (EOS MLS) on the Aura satellite, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, 44, 1075–1092, 2006. Yamamori, M., Kagawa, A., Kasai, Y., Mizutani, K., Murayama, Y., Sugita, T., Irie, H., and Nakajima, H.: Validation of ILAS-II version 1.4 O-3, HNO3, and temperature data through comparison with ozonesonde, ground-based FTS, and lidar measurements in Alaska, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D11S08, doi:10.1029/2005JD006438, 2006.