<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE article SYSTEM "http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/inc/acp/copernicus.dtd">
<article language="en">
	<journal>
		<journal_title>Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics</journal_title>
		<journal_url>www.atmos-chem-phys.net</journal_url>
		<issn>1680-7316</issn>
		<eissn>1680-7324</eissn>
		<volume_number>7</volume_number>
		<issue_number>23</issue_number>
		<publication_year>2007</publication_year>
	</journal>
	<doi>10.5194/acp-7-6047-2007</doi>
	<article_url>http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/7/6047/2007/</article_url>
	<abstract_html>http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/7/6047/2007/acp-7-6047-2007.html</abstract_html>
	<fulltext_pdf>http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/7/6047/2007/acp-7-6047-2007.pdf</fulltext_pdf>
	<start_page>6047</start_page>
	<end_page>6059</end_page>
	<publication_date>2007-12-10</publication_date>
	<article_title content_type="html">Performance of the meteorological radiation model during the solar eclipse of 29 March 2006</article_title>
	<authors>
		<author numeration="1" affiliations="1">
			<name>B. E. Psiloglou</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="2" affiliations="1">
			<name>H. D. Kambezidis</name>
		</author>
	</authors>
	<affiliations>
		<affiliation numeration="1" content_type="html">Atmospheric Research Team, Institute of Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Athens, Greece</affiliation>
	</affiliations>
	<abstract content_type="html">Various solar broadband models have been developed in the last half of the
20th century. The driving demand has been the estimation of available
solar energy at different locations on earth for various applications. The
motivation for such developments, though, has been the ample lack of solar
radiation measurements at global scale. Therefore, the main goal of such
codes is to generate artificial solar radiation series or calculate the
availability of solar energy at a place.
&lt;br&gt;&lt;/br&gt;
One of the broadband models to be developed in the late 80&apos;s was the
Meteorological Radiation Model (MRM). The main advantage of MRM over other
similar models was its simplicity in acquiring and using the necessary input
data, i.e. air temperature, relative humidity, barometric pressure and
sunshine duration from any of the many meteorological stations.
 &lt;br&gt;&lt;/br&gt;

The present study describes briefly the various steps (versions) of MRM and
in greater detail the latest version 5. To show the flexibility and great
performance of the MRM, a harsh test of the code under the (almost total)
solar eclipse conditions of 29 March 2006 over Athens was performed and
comparison of its results with real measurements was made. From this hard
comparison it is shown that the MRM can simulate solar radiation during a
solar eclipse event as effectively as on a typical day. Because of the main
interest in solar energy applications about the total radiation component,
MRM focuses on that. For this component, the RMSE and MBE statistical
estimators during this study were found to be 7.64% and &amp;minus;1.67% on 29
March as compared to the respective 5.30% and +2.04% for 28 March.
This efficiency of MRM even during an eclipse makes the model promising for
easy handling of typical situations with even better results.</abstract>
	<references>
		<reference numeration="1" content_type="text"> Atwater, M. A. and Ball, J. T.: A numerical solar radiation model based on the standard meteorological observations. Sol. Energy, 21, 163&amp;ndash;170, 1978. </reference>
		<reference numeration="2" content_type="text"> Atwater, M. A. and Brown, P. S.: Numerical computations of the latitudinal variations of solar radiation for an atmosphere of varying opacity, J. Appl. Meteorol., 13, 289&amp;ndash;297, 1974. </reference>
		<reference numeration="3" content_type="text"> Badescu, V.: A new kind of cloudy sky model to compute instantaneous values of diffuse and global irradiance, Theor. Appl. Climatol., 72, 127&amp;ndash;136, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="4" content_type="text"> Barbaro, S. B., Coppolino, S., Leone, C., and Sinagra, E.: An atmospheric model for computing direct and diffuse solar radiation, Sol. Energy, 22, 225&amp;ndash;228, 1979. </reference>
		<reference numeration="5" content_type="text"> Berland, T. G. and Danilchenko, V. Y.: The continental distribution of solar radiation. Gidrometeoizdat, Leningrad, 1961.%no page numbers reported in the literature </reference>
		<reference numeration="6" content_type="text"> Bird, R. E. and Hulstrom, R. L.: Direct insolation models, US Solar Energy Research Institute Tech. Report, SERI/TR-335-344, Golden, Colorado, 1980. </reference>
		<reference numeration="7" content_type="text"> Bird, R. E. and Hulstrom, R. L.: A simplified clear-sky model for the direct and diffuse insolation on horizontal surfaces, US Solar Energy Research Institute Tech. Report, SERI/TR-642-761, 38, 1981. </reference>
		<reference numeration="8" content_type="text"> Davies, J. A., Schertzer, W., and Munez, M.: Estimating global solar radiation, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 9, 33&amp;ndash;52, 1975. </reference>
		<reference numeration="9" content_type="text"> Davies, J. A. and McKay, D. C.: Estimating solar irradiance and components, Sol. Energy, 29, 55&amp;ndash;64, 1982. </reference>
		<reference numeration="10" content_type="text"> Davies, J. A., Abdel-Whahab, M., and McKay, D. C.: Estimating solar irradiation on horizontal surfaces, Inter. J. Sol. Energy, 2, 405&amp;ndash;424, 1984. </reference>
		<reference numeration="11" content_type="text"> Ehnberg, J. S. G. and Bollen, M. H. J.: Simulation of global solar radiation based on cloud observations, Sol. Energy, 78, 157&amp;ndash;162, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="12" content_type="text"> Gu., L., Fuentes, J. D., Garstang, M., Da Silva, T. J., Heitz, R., Sigler, J., Shugart, H. H., Cloud modulation of solar irradiance at a pasture site in southern Brazil, Agric. Forest Meteorol., 106, 117&amp;ndash;129, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="13" content_type="text"> Gueymard, C.: Critical analysis and performance assessment of clear sky solar irrandiance models using theoretical and measured data, Sol. Energy, 51, 121&amp;ndash;138, 1993a. </reference>
		<reference numeration="14" content_type="text"> Gueymard, C.: Assessment of the accuracy and computing speed of simplified saturation vapor equations using a new reference dataset, J. Appl. Meteorol., 32, 1294&amp;ndash;1300, 1993b. </reference>
		<reference numeration="15" content_type="text"> Gueymard C.: Direct solar transmittance and irradiance predictions with broadband model. Part I: detailed theoretical performance assessment, Sol. Energy, 74, 355&amp;ndash;379, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="16" content_type="text"> Ideriah, F. J. K.: A model for calculating direct and diffuse solar radiation, Sol. Energy, 26, 447&amp;ndash;452, 1981. </reference>
		<reference numeration="17" content_type="text"> Iqbal, M.: An introduction to solar radiation, Academic Press, New York, 6, p 119, 1983. </reference>
		<reference numeration="18" content_type="text"> Kontratyev, K. Y. A.: Radiation in the atmosphere, Academic Press, New York, p 912, 1969. </reference>
		<reference numeration="19" content_type="text"> Kambezidis, H. D. and Papanikolaou, N. S.: Total solar irradiance flux through inclined surfaces with arbitrary orientation in Greece: comparison between measurements and models, In Proceedings of XIV Assembly of EGS, 13&amp;ndash;17, Barcelona, Spain, 1989. </reference>
		<reference numeration="20" content_type="text"> Kambezidis, H. D. and Papanikolaou, N. S.: Total solar radiation on tilted planes in Greece, Technika Chronika B, 10, 55&amp;ndash;70 (in Greek), 1990a. </reference>
		<reference numeration="21" content_type="text"> Kambezidis, H. D. and Papanikolaou, N. S.: Solar position and atmospheric refraction, Sol. Energy, 44, 143&amp;ndash;144, 1990b. </reference>
		<reference numeration="22" content_type="text"> Kambezidis, H. D., Psiloglou, B. E., Tsangassoulis, A. E., Logothetis, M. A., Sakellariou, N. K., and Balaras, C. A.: A methodology to give solar radiation on tilted plane from meteorological data, In Proccedings of ISES World Congress, edited by: Farkas, J., 99-104, Budapest, Hungary, 1993. </reference>
		<reference numeration="23" content_type="text"> Kambezidis, H. D. and Tsangassoulis, A. E.: Solar position and right ascension, Sol. Energy, 50, 415&amp;ndash;416, 1993. </reference>
		<reference numeration="24" content_type="text"> Kambezidis, H. D., Psiloglou, B. E., and Synodinou, B. M.: Comparison between measurements and models of daily total irradiation on tilted surfaces in Athens, Greece, Renew. Energ., 10, 505&amp;ndash;518, 1997. </reference>
		<reference numeration="25" content_type="text"> Kasten, F. and Young, A. T.: Revised optical air mass tables and approximation formula, Appl. Optics, 28, 124&amp;ndash;127, 1989. </reference>
		<reference numeration="26" content_type="text"> Leckner, B.: Spectral distribution of solar radiation at the Earth&apos;s surface-elements of a model, Sol. Energy, 20, 443&amp;ndash;450, 1978. </reference>
		<reference numeration="27" content_type="text"> Lacis, A. A. and Hansen, J. E.: A parameterization for the absorption of solar radiation in the earth&apos;s atmosphere, J. Atmos. Sci., 31, 118&amp;ndash;132, 1974. </reference>
		<reference numeration="28" content_type="text"> Liu, B. Y. H. and Jordan R. C.: The interrelationship and characteristic distribution of direct, diffuse and total solar radiation, Sol. Energy, 4, 1&amp;ndash;19, 1960. </reference>
		<reference numeration="29" content_type="text"> Lyons, T. J. and Edwards, P. R.: Atmospheric attenuation of solar radiation at Adelaide, Q. J. R. Met. Soc., 101, 1013&amp;ndash;1017, 1982. </reference>
		<reference numeration="30" content_type="text"> Maxwell, E. L., Myers, D. R., Rymes, M. D., Stoffel, T. L., Wilcox, S. M.: Producing a National Solar Radiation data base, in: Proceedings of the ISES Solar World Congress, Denver CO. Pergamon Press, 1007&amp;ndash;1012, 1991. </reference>
		<reference numeration="31" content_type="text"> Maxwell, E. L.: METSTAT &amp;ndash; The solar radiation model used in the production of the National Solar Radiation Data Base (NSRDB). Sol. Energy, 62, 263&amp;ndash;279, 1998. </reference>
		<reference numeration="32" content_type="text"> Muir, L. R.: Comments on &quot;The effect of the atmospheric refraction in the solar azimuth&quot;, Sol. Energy, 30, p 295, 1983. </reference>
		<reference numeration="33" content_type="text"> Muneer, T., Gul, M. S., Kambezidis, H. D., and Alwinkle, S.: An all-sky solar meteorological radiation model for the United Kingdom, In Proceedings CIBSE/ASHRAE Joint National Conf., CIBSE/ASHRAE (Eds), pp. 271&amp;ndash;280, Harrogate, UK, 1996. </reference>
		<reference numeration="34" content_type="text"> Muneer, T.: Solar radiation and daylight models for the energy efficient design of buildings, 1st Edition, 65&amp;ndash;70, Architectural Press, 1997. </reference>
		<reference numeration="35" content_type="text"> Muneer, T., Gul, M. S., and Kambezidis, H. D.: Solar radiation models based on meteorological data, In Proc. ISES World Congress, Taegon, Korea, 1997. </reference>
		<reference numeration="36" content_type="text"> Muneer, T., Gul, M. S., and Kambezidis, H. D.: Evaluation of all-sky meteorological model against long-term measured hourly data, Energy Conv. and Manag., 39 (3/4), 303&amp;ndash;317, 1998. </reference>
		<reference numeration="37" content_type="text"> Munro, D. S.: A surface energy exchange model of glacier melt and net mass balance, Int. J. Climatol., 11, 689&amp;ndash;700, 1991. </reference>
		<reference numeration="38" content_type="text"> Psiloglou, B. E., Santamouris, M., and Asimakopoulos, D. N.: On the atmospheric water-vapor transmission function for solar radiation models, Sol. Energy, 53, 445&amp;ndash;453, 1994. </reference>
		<reference numeration="39" content_type="text"> Psiloglou, B. E., Santamouris, M., and Asimakopoulos, D. N.: Predicting the broadband transmittance of the uniformly-mixed gases (CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, CO, N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O, CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; and O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;) in the atmosphere for solar radiation models, Renew. Energ., 6, 63&amp;ndash;70, 1995a. </reference>
		<reference numeration="40" content_type="text"> Psiloglou, B. E., Santamouris, M., and Asimakopoulos, D. N.: On broadband Rayleigh scattering in the atmosphere for solar radiation modelling, Renew. Energ., 6, 429&amp;ndash;433, 1995b. </reference>
		<reference numeration="41" content_type="text"> Psiloglou, B. E., Santamouris, M., Varotsos, C., and Asimakopoulos, D. N.: A new parameterisation of the integral ozone transmission, Sol. Energy, 56, 573&amp;ndash;581, 1996. </reference>
		<reference numeration="42" content_type="text"> Psiloglou, B. E., Santamouris, M., and Asimakopoulos, D. N.: Atmospheric broadband model for computation of solar radiation at the Earth&apos;s surface. Application to Mediterranean climate, Pure Appl. Geophys., 157, 829&amp;ndash;860, 2000. </reference>
		<reference numeration="43" content_type="text"> Spencer, J. W.: Fourier series representation of the position of the sun, Search, 2, p 172, 1971. </reference>
		<reference numeration="44" content_type="text"> Suckling, P. W. and Hay, J. E.: Modelling direct, diffuse and total solar radiation for cloudless days, Atmosphere, 14, 298&amp;ndash;308, 1977. </reference>
		<reference numeration="45" content_type="text"> Van Heuklon, T. K.: Estimating atmospheric ozone for solar radiation models, Sol. Energy, 22, 63-68, 1979. </reference>
		<reference numeration="46" content_type="text"> Walraven, R.: Calculating the position of the sun, Sol. Energy, 20, 393&amp;ndash;397, 1978. </reference>
		<reference numeration="47" content_type="text"> Wilkinson, B. J.: An improved FORTRAN program for the rapid calculation of the solar position, Sol. Energy, 27, 67&amp;ndash;68, 1981. </reference>
		<reference numeration="48" content_type="text"> Yang, K., Huang, G. W., and Tamai, N.: A hybrid model for estimation of global solar radiation, Sol. Energy, 70, 13&amp;ndash;22, 2001. </reference>
	</references>
</article>

