ACP Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics ACP 1680-7324 Copernicus GmbH Göttingen, Germany 10.5194/acp-12-2541-2012 Suspendable macromolecules are responsible for ice nucleation activity of birch and conifer pollen Pummer B. G. 1 Bauer H. 2 Bernardi J. 3 Bleicher S. 4 Grothe H. 1 Institute of Material Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Austria Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Austria USTEM, Vienna University of Technology, Austria Atmospheric Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Bayreuth, Germany 07 03 2012 12 5 2541 2550 This is an open-access article ditributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. This article is available from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/12/2541/2012/acp-12-2541-2012.html The full text article is available as a PDF file from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/12/2541/2012/acp-12-2541-2012.pdf

The ice nucleation of bioaerosols (bacteria, pollen, spores, etc.) is a topic of growing interest, since their impact on ice cloud formation and thus on radiative forcing, an important parameter in global climate, is not yet fully understood. Here we show that pollen of different species strongly differ in their ice nucleation behaviour. The average freezing temperatures in laboratory experiments range from 240 to 255 K. As the most efficient nuclei (silver birch, Scots pine and common juniper pollen) have a distribution area up to the Northern timberline, their ice nucleation activity might be a cryoprotective mechanism. Far more intriguingly, it has turned out that water, which has been in contact with pollen and then been separated from the bodies, nucleates as good as the pollen grains themselves. The ice nuclei have to be easily-suspendable macromolecules located on the pollen. Once extracted, they can be distributed further through the atmosphere than the heavy pollen grains and so presumably augment the impact of pollen on ice cloud formation even in the upper troposphere. Our experiments lead to the conclusion that pollen ice nuclei, in contrast to bacterial and fungal ice nucleating proteins, are non-proteinaceous compounds.

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