<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE article SYSTEM "http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/inc/acp/copernicus.dtd">
<article language="en">
	<journal>
		<journal_title>Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics</journal_title>
		<journal_url>www.atmos-chem-phys.net</journal_url>
		<issn>1680-7316</issn>
		<eissn>1680-7324</eissn>
		<volume_number>10</volume_number>
		<issue_number>6</issue_number>
		<publication_year>2010</publication_year>
	</journal>
	<doi>10.5194/acp-10-2813-2010</doi>
	<article_url>http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/10/2813/2010/</article_url>
	<abstract_html>http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/10/2813/2010/acp-10-2813-2010.html</abstract_html>
	<fulltext_pdf>http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/10/2813/2010/acp-10-2813-2010.pdf</fulltext_pdf>
	<start_page>2813</start_page>
	<end_page>2824</end_page>
	<publication_date>2010-03-25</publication_date>
	<article_title content_type="html">On retrieval of lidar extinction profiles using Two-Stream and Raman techniques</article_title>
	<authors>
		<author numeration="1" affiliations="1,2">
			<name>I. S. Stachlewska</name>
			<email>iwona.stachlewska@igf.fuw.edu.pl</email>
		</author>
		<author numeration="2" affiliations="1">
			<name>C. Ritter</name>
		</author>
	</authors>
	<affiliations>
		<affiliation numeration="1" content_type="html">Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Telegrafenberg A43, 14473 Potsdam, Germany</affiliation>
		<affiliation numeration="2" content_type="html">Institute of Geophysics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 7, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland</affiliation>
	</affiliations>
	<abstract content_type="html">The Two-Stream technique employs simultaneous measurements
      performed by two elastic backscatter lidars pointing at each
      other to sample into the same atmosphere. It allows for
      a direct retrieval of the extinction coefficient profile from
      the ratio of the two involved lidar signals. During a number of
      Alfred-Wegener-Institute (AWI) campaigns dedicated to
      Arctic research, the AWI&apos;s Polar 2 aircraft with the
      integrated onboard nadir-pointing Airborne Mobile Aerosol Lidar
      (AMALi) was utilised. The aircraft flew over a vicinity of Ny Ålesund on Svalbard,
      where the zenith-pointing Koldewey Aerosol Raman Lidar (KARL)
      has been located. This experimental approach gave the unique
      opportunity to retrieve the extinction profiles with a rarely
      used Two-Stream technique against a well established
      Raman technique. Both methods were applied to data obtained
      for clean Arctic conditions during the Arctic Study of
      Tropospheric clouds and Radiation (ASTAR 2004) campaign, and
      slightly polluted Arctic conditions during the Svalbard
      Experiment (SvalEx 2005) campaign. Successful comparison
      of both evaluation tools in different measurement conditions
      demonstrates sensitivity and feasibility of the Two-Stream
      method to obtain particle extinction and backscatter
      coefficients profiles without assumption of their relationship
      (lidar ratio). The method has the potential to serve as an
      extinction retrieval tool for KARL or AMALi simultaneous
      observations with the space borne CALIPSO lidar overpasses during
      the ASTAR 2007.</abstract>
	<references>
		<reference numeration="1" content_type="text"> Ackermann, J.: The extinction to backscatter ratio of tropospheric aerosol: A~numerical study, J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., 15, 1043–1050, 1998. </reference>
		<reference numeration="2" content_type="text"> Ansmann, A., Riebesell, M., and Weitkamp, C.: Measurements of aerosol profiles with Raman lidar, Opt. Lett., 15, 746–748, 1990. </reference>
		<reference numeration="3" content_type="text"> Ansmann, A., Wandinger, U., Riebesell, M., Weitkamp, C., and Michaelis, W.: Independent measurements of extinction and backscatter profiles in Cirrus clouds by using a~combined Raman elastic-backscatter Lidar, Appl. Optics, 31, 7113–7131, 1992. </reference>
		<reference numeration="4" content_type="text"> Böckmann, C.: Hybrid regularisation method for ill-posed inversion of multiwavelength lidar data in the retrieval of aerosol size distribution, Appl. Optics, 40, 1329–1341, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="5" content_type="text"> Böckmann, C. and Kirsche, A.: Iterative regularization method for lidar remote sensing, Comput. Phys. Commun., 174(8), 607–615, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="6" content_type="text"> Chen, W., Chiang, C., and Nee, J.: Lidar Ratio and Depolarization Ratio for Cirrus Clouds, Appl. Optics, 41, 6470–6476, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="7" content_type="text"> Cuesta, J. and Flamant, P. H.: Two-Stream lidar inversion algorithm for airborne and satellite validations, in: Proceedings of 22nd International Laser Radar Conference (IBC 2004), edited by: Pappalardo, G. and Amodeo, A., ESA SP-561, 1, 471–474, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="8" content_type="text"> Dörnbrack, A., Stachlewska, I. S., Ritter, C., and Neuber, R.: Aerosol distribution around Svalbard during intense easterly winds, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 1473–1490, 2010. </reference>
		<reference numeration="9" content_type="text"> Draxler, R. R. and Rolph, G. D.: HYSPLIT (HYbrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory) Model, Real-time Environmental Applications and Display sYstem (READY) Website http://www.arl.noaa.gov/ready/hysplit4.html, NOAA Air Resources Laboratory, Silver Spring, MD, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="10" content_type="text"> Eloranta, E. W.: Practical Model for the Calculation of Multiply Scattered Lidar Returns, Appl. Optics, 37, 2464–2472, 1998. </reference>
		<reference numeration="11" content_type="text"> Eloranta, E. W. , Razenkov, I. A., and Garcia, J. P.: Arctic Observations with the University of Wisconsin High Spectral Resolution Lidar, in Reviewed and Revised Papers Presented at the 23rd International Laser Radar Conference, edited by: Nagasawa, C. and Sugimoto, N., pp. 399–402, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="12" content_type="text"> Engvall, A.-C., Krejci, R., Ström, J., Minikin, A., Treffeisen, R., Stohl, A., and Herber, A.: In-situ airborne observations of the microphysical properties of the Arctic tropospheric aerosol during late spring and summer, Tellus B, 60, 392–404, doi:10.1111/j.1600.0889.2008.00348.x, 2008. </reference>
		<reference numeration="13" content_type="text"> Fernald, F. G.: Analysis of atmospheric lidar observations: some comments, Appl. Optics, 23, 652–653, 1984. </reference>
		<reference numeration="14" content_type="text"> Gayet, J. F., Shcherbakov, V., Mannstein, H., Minikin, A., Schumann, U., Ström, J., Petzold, A., Ovarlez, J., and Immler, F.: Microphysical and optical properties of mid-latitude Cirrus Cloud observed in the southern hemisphere during INCA, Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 132, 2791–2748, doi:10.1256/qj.05.162, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="15" content_type="text"> Gayet, J.-F., Stachlewska, I. S., Jourdan, O., Shcherbakov, V., Schwarzenboeck, A., and Neuber, R.: Microphysical and optical properties of precipitating drizzle and ice particles obtained from alternated lidar and in situ measurements, Ann. Geophys., 25, 1487–1497, 2007. </reference>
		<reference numeration="16" content_type="text"> Garrett, T. J., Zhao, C., Dong, X., Mace, G. G., and Hobbs, P. V.: Effects of varying aerosol regimes on low-level Arctic stratus, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L17105, doi:10.1029/2004GL019928, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="17" content_type="text"> Herber, A., Thomason, L. W., Gernandt, H., Leiterer, U., Nagel, D., Schulz, K.-H., Kaptur, J., Albrecht, T., and Notholt, J.: Continuous day and night aerosol optical depth observations in the Arctic between 1991 and 1999, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D10), 4097, doi:10.1029/2001JD000536, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="18" content_type="text"> Hughes, H. G. and Paulson, M. R.: Double-ended lidar techniques for aerosol studies, Appl. Optics, 27, 2273–2278, 1988. </reference>
		<reference numeration="19" content_type="text"> Hoffmann, A., Ritter, C., Stock, M., Shiobara, M., Lampert, A., Maturilli, M., Orgis, T., Neuber, R., and Herber, A.: Ground-based lidar measurements from Ny-Ålesund during ASTAR 2007, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 9059–9081, 2009. </reference>
		<reference numeration="20" content_type="text"> Immler, F., Treffeisen, R., Engelbart, D., Krüger, K., and Schrems, O.: Cirrus, contrails, and ice supersaturated regions in high pressure systems at northern mid latitudes, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 1689–1699, 2008. </reference>
		<reference numeration="21" content_type="text"> Jörgensen, H. E., Mikkelsen, T., Streicher, J., Herrmann, H., Werner, C., and Lyck, E.: Lidar calibration experiments, Appl. Phys. B Lasers O., 64(3), 355–361, 1997. </reference>
		<reference numeration="22" content_type="text"> Klett, J. D.: Stable analytical inversion solution for processing lidar returns, Appl. Optics, 20, 211–220, 1981. </reference>
		<reference numeration="23" content_type="text"> Klett, J. D.: Lidar inversions with variable backscatter/extinction velues, Appl. Optics, 24, 211–220, 1985. </reference>
		<reference numeration="24" content_type="text"> Kovalev, V. A. and Eichinger, W. E.: Elastic Lidar: Theory, Practice, and Analysis Methods, J. Wiley &amp; Sons, New York, ISBN 0-471-20171-5, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="25" content_type="text"> Kunz, G. J.: Bipath Method as a~way to measure the spatial backscatter and extinction coefficients with lidar, Appl. Optics, 26, 794–795, 1987. </reference>
		<reference numeration="26" content_type="text"> Leiterer, U., Weller, M., and Janiak, J.: Verfahren zur Bestrahlungsstärke- und Strahldichtekalibrierung von Spektrometern, Patentschrift DD 228 631 A1, WP GO1 D/265 1067 v. 16.10., 1985. </reference>
		<reference numeration="27" content_type="text"> Liu, Z., Hunt, W., Vaughan, M., Hostetler, C., McGill, M., Powell, K. Winker, D., and Hu, Y.: Estimating random errors due to shot noise in backscatter lidar observations, Appl. Optics, 45, 4437–4447, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="28" content_type="text"> Müller, D., Wandinger, U., and Ansmann, A.: Microphysical particle parameters from extinction and backscatter data by inversion with regularization, Appl. Optics, 38, 2358–2368, 1999. </reference>
		<reference numeration="29" content_type="text"> Müller, D., Ansmann, A., Mattis, I., Tesche, M., Wandinger, U., Althausen, D., and Pisani, G.: Aerosol-type-dependent lidar ratios observed with Raman lidar, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D16202, doi:10.1029/2006JD008292, 2007. </reference>
		<reference numeration="30" content_type="text"> Pinto, J. O., Curry, J. A., and Intrieri, J. M.: Cloud-aerosol interactions during autumn over Beaufort Sea, J. Geophys. Res., 106(D14), 15077–15097, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="31" content_type="text"> Pornsawad, P., Böckmann, C., Ritter, C., and Rafler, M.: Ill-posed retrieval of aerosol extinction coefficient profiles from Raman lidar data by regularization, Appl. Optics, 47, 1649–1661, 2008. </reference>
		<reference numeration="32" content_type="text"> Reichardt, J., Reichardt, S., Behrendt, A., and McGee, T. J.: Correlations among the optical properties of Cirrus-cloud particles: Implications for space borne remote sensing, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29(14), 1668, doi:10.1029/2002GL014836, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="33" content_type="text"> Ritter, C., Kirsche, A., and Neuber, R.: Tropospheric Aerosol Characterized by a~Raman Lidar over Spitsbergen, in: Proceedings of 22nd International Laser Radar Conference (ILRC 2004 in Matera, Italy), edited by: Pappalardo, G. and Amodeo, A., ESA SP-561, 1, 459–462, ISBN 92-9092-872-7, 2004.  </reference>
		<reference numeration="34" content_type="text"> Ritter, C., Stachlewska, I. S., and Neuber, R.: Application of the Two-Stream evaluation for a~case study of Arctic Haze over Spitsbergen, in: Proceedings of 23nd International Laser Radar Conference (ILRC 2006 in Nara, Japan), edited by: Nagasawa, C. and Sugimoto, N., 1, 507–510, ISBN 4-9902916-0-3, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="35" content_type="text"> Ritter, C., Hoffmann, A., Osterloh, L., and Böckmann, C.: Estimation of the Liquid Water Content of a~low-level Arctic winter cloud, in: Proceedings of 24nd International Laser Radar Conference (ILRC 2008 in Boulder, Colorado, USA), 1, 579–582, ISBN 978-0-615-21489-4, 2008. </reference>
		<reference numeration="36" content_type="text"> Sasano, Y., Browell, E. V., and Ismail, S.: Error caused by using a~constant extinction/backscattering ratio in the lidar solution, Appl. Optics, 24, 3929–3932, 1985. </reference>
		<reference numeration="37" content_type="text"> Sassen, K. and Comstock, J. M.: A midlatitude Cirrus cloud climatology from the facility for atmospheric remote sensing. Part III: Radiative properties, J. Atmos. Sci., 58 , 2113–2127, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="38" content_type="text"> Shaw, G. E.: Sun Photometry, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 64, 4–10, 1983. </reference>
		<reference numeration="39" content_type="text"> Stachlewska, I. S., Wehrle, G., Stein, B., and Neuber, R.: Airborne Mobile Aerosol Lidar for measurements of Arctic aerosols, in: Proceedings of 22nd International Laser Radar Conference (ILRC 2004), edited by: Pappalardo, G. and Amodeo, A., ESA SP-561, 1, 87–89, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="40" content_type="text"> Stachlewska, I. S., Ritter, C., and Neuber, R.: Application of the Two-Stream inversion algorithm for retrieval of extinction, backscatter and lidar ratio for clean and polluted Arctic air, in: Proceedings of SPIE, 5584, 03/1–03/8, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="41" content_type="text"> Stachlewska, I. S.: Investigation of tropospheric arctic aerosol and mixed-phase clouds using airborne lidar technique, PhD Thesis, University of Potsdam, http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2006/698/, 2006a. </reference>
		<reference numeration="42" content_type="text"> Stachlewska, I. S., Gayet, J.-F., Duroure, C., Schwarzenboeck, A., Jourdan, O., Shcherbakov, V., and Neuber, R.: Observations of mixed-phase clouds using airborne lidar and in-situ instrumentation, in: Reviewed and Revised Papers Presented at the 23rd International Laser Radar Conference (ILRC~2006), 1, 325–328, 2006b. </reference>
		<reference numeration="43" content_type="text"> Stachlewska, I. S., Neuber, R., Lampert, A., Ritter, C., and Wehrle, G.: AMALi – the Airborne Mobile Aerosol Lidar for Arctic research, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 9, 18745–18792, 2009. </reference>
		<reference numeration="44" content_type="text"> Treffeisen, R., Krejci, R., Ström, J., Engvall, A. C., Herber, A., and Thomason, L.: Humidity observations in the Arctic troposphere over Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard based on 15 years of radiosonde data, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 2721–2732, 2007. </reference>
		<reference numeration="45" content_type="text"> Veselovskii, I., Kologotin, A., Griazanow, V., Müller, D., and Whitemann, D.: Inversion with regularization for the retrieval of tropospheric aerosol parameters from multiwavelength lidar sounding, Appl. Optics, 18, 3685–3699, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="46" content_type="text"> Wang, X., Frontoso, M. G., Pisani, G., and Spinelli, N.: Retrieval of atmospheric particles optical properties by combining ground based and space borne lidar elastic scattering profiles, Opt. Express, 15, 6734–6743, 2007. </reference>
		<reference numeration="47" content_type="text"> Winker, D. M., Hunt, B. H., and McGill, M. J.: Initial performance assessment of CALIOP, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L19803, doi:10.1029/2007GL030135, 2007. </reference>
	</references>
</article>

